Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL, ANALYTICAL STUDY AND HPTLC EVALUATION OF SHAMPAKADI KWATHA, A POLYHERBAL FORMULATION FOR PHARMACEUTICAL STANDARDIZATION

Rajdip Rao — 2019-11-12

Background: Shampakadi kwatha is mentioned in Ayurvedic classics as a therapeutic formulation of Basti to treat Musculo-skeletal diseases like Katishool (Lumbar spondylosis). Back pain is the most common ailment in today’s busy life. Majority of us have experienced one or more episodes of back pain in our lives and many of us live with chronic symptoms. Incidences of low back pain affects 60-85% in adults and lumbar Spondylosis is responsible for about 10% of all back pain. Shampakadi kwatha contains Aragvadha (Cassia fistula Linn.), Eranda (Ricinus communis.Linn), Punarnava (Boerhavi diffusa Linn) etc. which have Shoolaghna and Vatahara property.

Method: Shampakadi kwatha powder was evaluated for their pharmacognostic and pharmaceutical analysis.

Results: Microscopic characters were found of all the contents of Shampakadi kwatha. Results obtained in pharmaceutical parameters of Shampakadi kwatha powder like loss on drying 12.18%, Ash value 9.06%, Alcohol soluble extract 62.15% w/v etc. HPTLC profile of Shampakadi kwatha powder showed similarities in number of spots. Conclusion: From the study, data developed can be espoused for laying down the standards for Shampakadi kwatha.

Keywords: HPTLC, Pharmacognostical, Pharmaceutical analysis, Shampakadi Kwatha

SYNTHESIS OF 1,2 DISUBSTITUTED BENZO 1,3-DIAZOLE DERIVATIVES AND EVALUATION OF THEIR INVITRO ANTI-TUBERCULAR ACTIVITIES

Sunbee Prakash — 2019-11-13

The present research work was aimed to synthesize some Mannich bases of benzo1,3-diazole dervivatives and was investigated for their biological activities. The newly synthesized compounds have been characterized by their analytical and spectral (IR, ¹HNMR, Mass spectra) properties. All the compounds have been screened for their antitubercular activities by standard methods. Antitubercular study revealed that Both BZ₂ and BZ₅ have promising activity.

Keywords: Benzo1,3-diazole, o-phenylenediamine, urea, benzamide, Hydroxylamine, Antitubercular activity.

NOVEL ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR CEFOXITIN NEW β-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS IN BULK AND DOSAGE FORM

Amit Kumar — 2019-11-14

The Objective of this work based on for development of a novel method and validation of method used for determination of amount in manner of assay present into Cefoxitin in bulk and Tablet Dosage form. The aspire and intention of the present study is to expand moreover authenticate a novel as well as rapid reverse phase chromatography separation technique for the estimating Cefoxitin in bulk and dosage form to justify the presence of drug in the developed dosage forms and give satisfaction towards presence of medicine and its assay estimation. As the drug Cefoxitin compendial monograph is not available in Indian Pharmacopoeia and British Pharmacopoeia, but a compendial monograph is available in United Sate Pharmacopoeia i.e. USP- 40 for injection dosage form only. The developed method is new, simple, economic, rapid, eco friendly, accurate, and precise HPLC method for qualitative and quantitative estimation of Cefoxitin in bulk and dosage form like tablet, capsule, injection also.

EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF CHLOROPHYLL

Dipti Acharya — 2019-11-20

Antioxidant play an important role to protect damage caused oxidative stress (OS).Chlorophyll having phenolic contents are reported to possess antioxidant properties. The present study was designed to investigate the antioxidant properties of methanolic solution from Super Chlorophyll.

Objective: The main objective of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the chlorophyll in different validated in vitro models.

Methods: The antioxidant activities of methanolic solution were evaluated by in vitro standard method using UV-Spectrophotometer. The antioxidant activity were determined bt total antioxidant capacity, DPPH (1-1-diphennyl-2-picrylhydrzine) radical scavenging assay, Nitric Oxide scavenging assay and Hydrogen Peroxide scavenging assay methods.

Result: The solution of Chlorophyll was studied for antioxidant potential. Ascorbic acid was used as standard. This method is simple and activity of the solution is reported in term of IC₅₀ value. Antioxidant properties depend on the IC₅₀ value. Lesser the IC₅₀ value, more is the antioxidant activity. Chlorophyll showed good antioxidant activity.

Conclusion: In case of in vitro antioxidant activity, Chlorophyll scavenged DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide radicals significantly, showed IC₅₀ values near to standard ascorbic acid, thus proving to have good antioxidant potential.

Keywords: Oxidative stress, DPPH, Antioxidant, Super chlorophyll.

ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA

Shalu Baghel — 2019-11-22

Hyperlipidemia often results from delayed or defective clearance, or overproduction of VLDL by the liver, which is subsequently transformed into LDL. The whole plant of Azadirachta indica was collected from local areas of Jaipur district areas of Rajasthan. The plant is authenticated by university of rajasthan by Drmanju Sharma dept of botany Selected medicinal plant were cut into small pieces, cleaned and shade dried at room temperature then subjected to physical evaluation with different parameters. Macerated 5 g of air dried drug coarsely powdered with 100 ml of ethanol of the specified strength in a closed flask for twenty four hours, shaking frequently during six hours and allowed to stand for 18 h. About 2-3 g of powder is accurately weighed in a china dish and kept in hot air oven maintained at 110±1^oC for four hours. After cooling in a desiccator, the loss in weight was recorded. This procedure was repeated till constant weight was obtained. For insoluble ash value Boiled the ash for 5-10 minutes with 25 ml of diluted hydrochloric acid, collected the insoluble matter in a Gooch crucible washed with hot water, ignited and weighed. Whole plant of Azadirachtaindicawas reduced to fine powder and was subjected to maceration in a 1 liter conical flask for 7 days at room temperature with alcohol (70%) water (30%). In the present study we aimed to screen various extracts of selected plants on Cholesterol induced hyperlipidemic rat model. Thus the results of the present investigation clearly indicated that the selected medicinal plants possess good antihyerlipidemic activity in atherogenic diet induced hyperlipidemic rats and led to the development of new Herbal formulation possessing antihyperlipidemic and antiatherosclerotic activities. This is the first study which investigates the hypolipidemic activity.

Keywords: Azadirachta indica, antihyperlipidemic, antiatherosclerotic activities, Maceration.

ANTI-ULCER POTENTIAL CHLOROFORM EXTRACT OF CUCUMIS SATIVUS

Charanjeet Singh — 2019-11-24

Ulcers are lesions on the surface of the skin or a mucous membrane characterized by a superficial loss of tissue. Helicobacter pylori is uniquely adapted to survival in the hostile environment of stomach. C. sativus is hairy and the root system is extensive and superficial. Leaves are alternate and simple. Flowers are yellow regular and unisexual. The matured fruit is about 30 cm long, roughly cylindrical and often slightly curved. The dried fruit of Cucumis sativus were collected from local area of Alwar, Rajasthan. Dried fruit of C. sativus were cut in to small pieces and dried under the shade. Water and alcoholic soluble extractive value of C. sativus was determined. 4.0 g fruits powder of C. sativus was weighed individually and macerated with distilled water (100 ml) in a glass-stopperd conical flask for 24 hours. Total ash, water soluble ash, acid insoluble ash and sulfated ash value of C. sativus was determined. 200 g coarse fruits powdered fruits were defatted with 800 ml petroleum ether (60-80⁰C) using soxhlet apparatus. Phytochemical screening of C. sativus extracts were carried out on the basis of qualitative chemical tests and TLC. Evaluation of anti-ulcer activity of C. sativus fruits by Acute toxicity method and ulcer index was calculated, the percentage yield of petroleum ether, chloroform and extract of C. sativus fruits was found to be 6.35 %, 7.26 % respectively. All these observation imply that the Chloroform extract of fruits of C.sativus could be regarded as a favourable antiulcerogen which could be attributed to its content of flavonoids and mucilage.

Keywords: Ulcers, Cucumis sativus, flavonoids, mucilage.

ETIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF NEONATAL SEIZURES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BIOCHEMICAL ABNORMALITIES

Gurdeep Singh Dhanjal — 2019-11-28

Introduction: Neonatal seizure are the most frequent manifestation of neurological dysfunction in a neonate. Detection of seizure and its etiology is important for guiding therapy. In the presence of biochemical abnormalities, it is difficult to control seizures and there is a risk of further brain damage. Early recognition and treatment of biochemical abnormalities are essential for optimal management and satisfactory long term outcome. The aim was to determine the etiology of neonatal seizures and to study the biochemical abnormalities.

Material and Methods: The present study included 70 inborn neonates presenting with seizures admitted to the neonatal unit in MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India over a period of one and a half years. A detailed history was taken and clinical examination of the neonate was done. Etiological causes and various biochemical parameters were evaluated.

Results: Neonatal seizures occurred more commonly in males. The most common cause of neonatal seizures was birth asphyxia seen in 26 (37.1%) neonates followed by sepsis in 24 (34.3%) neonates. The Primary Biochemical abnormalities were seen in 12 (17.1%) neonates with seizures. Among these neonates, hypoglycemia was most commonly seen in 4 (33.3%) neonates followed by hypocalcemia seen in 3 (25%) neonates.

Conclusion: Biochemical abnormalities are common in neonatal seizures and often go unrecognized. These abnormalities may significantly contribute to seizure activity and hence a biochemical workup is necessary for all cases of neonatal seizures.

EVALUATION OF SERUM ZINC LEVELS IN HOSPITALIZED CHILDREN WITH ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS

Gurnoor Singh — 2019-12-06

Background: ARI is the leading cause of mortality and a common cause of morbidity in children below 5 years. Zinc deficiency may increase the risk of respiratory tract infection. Zinc is thought to decrease susceptibility to acute lower respiratory infections by regulating various immune functions. The aim of study was to study serum zinc levels in hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections aged 2 month to 5 years.

Material and Methods: Serum Zinc levels in a hundred children admitted with ARI were evaluated.

Results and conclusion: Out of a hundred patients with ARI, 60% had below normal levels. Mean serum zinc levels were 70.27 + - 25.23 microgram/dl. Zinc levels in LARIs were significantly lower (P value<0.05) when compared to UARIs. There was no statistically significant correlation with age, gender, anemia and immunization status.

Keywords: ARI, UARIs, LARIs, Zinc serum levels.

Abbreviations: ARIs- Acute Respiratory Infections, UARIs- Upper Acute Respiratory Infections, LARIs- Lower Acute Respiratory Infections, NIS- National immunization Schedule

AN REVIEW METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (MRSA): CHARACTERIZATION, PREVALENCE AND ANTIBIOTIC REACTIONS ON HUMAN IN INDIA

Megha Chaudhary — 2019-11-17

Introduction: Community acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) has been increasingly examined from India⁽⁴⁾. A network of microbiology labs (Indian Organization for Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance - INSAR) at premier medical colleges and hospitals in India was assembled with support from the World Health Organization (figure). Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: A study displays an alarmingly high incidence of MRSA corruption in the BHU hospital. The prevalence rate is established to be 54.8%, which is much higher than most of the results where it ranged between 20% to 32.8%.^(17),(18⁾ The only report which has given somewhat similar result i.e. 51.6% is from LN Hospital, New Delhi.⁽¹⁹⁾ Further, a study from Indore has shown a grow in MRSA prevalence from 12% in 1992 to 80.89% in 1999.⁽²⁰⁾ Modes of transmission and virulence factors: Due to its capability to colonize a wide range of strains (all mammals including rodents and lagomorphs), S. aureus can easily be transmitted from one species to another; from humans to animals and reverse. Staphylococcal infections are zoonotic in nature. Antibiotic Reaction on Human: The sensitivity patterns of divided to different antibiotic discs were read by measuring the diameter of area of inhibition in millimeter as per the chart provided by manufacturer and classified as Sensitive, Intermediate and Resistant based on CLSI guidelines.⁽⁸⁾

Keywords: Antimicrobial, Bugs, Lagomorphs, MRSA, Rodent, Sensitivity, Staphylococcus.

A REVIEW: AZADIRACHTA INDICA AS ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY

Shalu Baghel — 2019-11-22

Antihyperlipidemic agents having various pharmacological actions are being tested clinically³. Elevated lipid levels result from increased absorption through the gut or enhanced endogenous synthesis and therefore two ways are feasible to reduce hyperlipidemia; to block endogenous synthesis or to decrease absorption. Whole plant of Azadirachta indica gives the Antihyperlipidemic activity. Several genetic conditions are known to responsible for primary Hyperlipidemia, such as lipoprotein lipase deficiency, apolipoprotein C-II deficiency etc. In our study we choose cholesterol diet which contains the common ingredients in our daily food. Cholesterol feeding has been often used to elevate serum or tissue cholesterol levels to assess the hypercholesterolemia- related metabolic disturbances in animals. Cholesterol feeding alone however does not affect the serum TG level.

Keywords: Azadirachta indica, antihyperlipidemic, antiatherosclerotic activities, Maceration.

A REVIEW ON UROLITHIASIS

Yogesh Kumar Sharma — 2019-11-22

Urolithiasis is the urinary disorder characterized by formation of stone in the urinary tract, urinary bladder and kidneys.

Urolithiasis is considered to be a risk of urinary incontinence and may be associated with urinary incontinence.

A urinary stone commonly occurs in males and are calculated on the basis of their mineral composition. Approximately 80% of urinary stones composed as calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. Urinary calculi can cause disruption to the urinary system, hydrophoresis, infections and bleeding. Root stone formation is the result of several mechanisms.

Whereas exceeding supersaturation (i.e. free stone formation) is the cause of uric acid or cystine calculi, infection stones result from bacterial metabolism. Renal calculi can be broadly classified in two large groups: tissue attached and unattached.

Components in diet increase the risk of stone formation include low intake of fluid and animal protein, sodium, sugar and syrup high corn fruit, oxalate, grape juice, apple juice and cola drinks.

Vegetarian diets, spices and liquids may be helpful in treating and prevention and kidney stones. Therefore, the best way to prevent kidney stones is to consume a lot of water and a magnesium rich vegan. Common medications used to prevent urolithiasis do not work for all patients, and many have adverse effects that endanger their long-term use.

Managing today's urolithiasis with open renal surgery is unusual and rarely used, only by the introduction of Extracorporeal Shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is useful but it is expensive.

Herbs and herbal medicines have created interest among people with its clinically proven effects such as immunomodulation and antimutagenic. Also, abusing synthetic drugs due to serious side effects of the drug has allowed humans to return to nature for safe treatment.

Kew words: hydrophoresis, Urolithiasis

A REVIEW: ANTI-ULCER POTENTIAL

Charanjeet Singh — 2019-11-24

Peptic ulcer occurs due to an imbalance between the aggressive (acid, pepsin and Helicobacter pylori) and the defensive (gastric mucus and bicarbonate secretion, prostaglandins, innate resistance of the mucosal cells) factors. Gastric ulcers are usually single and less than 2 cm in diameter. A minority of patients with gastric ulcers exhibit acid hyper secretion. In these persons, the ulcers are usually near the pylorus and are considered variants of duodenal ulcers. Several minutes after food enters the stomach, gentle, rippling, peristaltic movements called mixing waves pass over the stomach every 15 to 25 seconds. These waves macerate food, mix it with secretions of gastric glands and reduce it to a soupy liquid called chyme. Proton pumps powered by H+ / K+ ATPase actively transport H+ into the lumen while bringing potassium ions (K+) into the cells. At the same time Cl- and K+ diffuse out through Cl- and K+ channels in the apical membrane. One of the most interesting substances that has been obtained from chilly peppers and present in spicy plants such as ginger or black pepper is capsaicin. This substance acts on sensory neurons to stimulate their membrane receptors, predominantly vaniloid (VR)-1 receptors, and release various kinins such as substance P. Chamomile also may be effective in relieving inflamed or irritated mucous membranes of the digestive tract and in promoting digestion. The plant part of C. sativus like Ripe raw fruits are said to cure spure and in Indo-China cook immature fruits are given to children to treat dysentery. The seed is cooling, diuretic, tonic and anthelmintic. Seeds are used as taeniacide. The leaf juice is used to treat dyspepsia in children. Leaves along with cumin seeds are administered for throat infection. A decoction of root is diuretic.

Keywords: Gastric ulcers, Peptic ulcer, C. sativus, Anti-ulcer.