Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research

STUDY OF SEROPREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION.

Chanchal Yadav, Pratibha Mane , Pooja Singla, Jyoti Sangwan — Wed, 20 Jan 2021 05:15:16 +0000

Introduction: HBV is a DNA virus belonging to family Hepadnaviridae. HBV infection leads to a wide spectrum
of liver diseases ranging from acute to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis & hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV is known
to be the 10th leading cause of death. WHO estimates that worldwide more than 2 billion people have been
infected with HBV. India accounts for a very large proportion of the HBV burden.
Aim and objectives: To study the seroprevalence of Hepatitis B virus infection among patients attending our
hospital, to know the prevalence among different age groups and among different genders
Material and Methods: This is a retrospective, cross-sectional study carried out at Dept. of Microbiology,
SHKM Govt. Medical College and hospital, Nalhar, Nuh, Haryana for the duration of 6 months (April 2019 to
September 2019). A total of 9000 serum samples collected from patients attending outpatient departments,
indoor patients and Intensive care unit of SHKM hospital.
Results: It was seen that out of 9000 patients, 432 patients were positive for HBsAg with the prevalence rate
4.8%. The prevalence was higher in females (5.58%) as compared to males (4.19%). The frequency of HBV
among age group 1-14, 15-40 and > 40 years was 8.4% (36), 48.3% (209) and 43.3% (187) respectively.
Conclusion: Our study highlights HBV infection rate in this part of Haryana and shall provide reference to
future studies on the epidemiology of HBV infection. It helps us to understand and assess the magnitude of
disease in the community.
Keywords: Seroprevalence, Hepatitis B, Haryana

Estimation of total tannins, total phenolics and total flavonoids of different extracts of cedrela toona roxb. Fruits.

Shah Kinjal H, Patel Piyush M. — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Air dried powdered material of the fruits of cedrela toona Roxb. was successively extracted with petroleum ether, hexane, acetone, methanol and water extract by soxhlet extraction and subjected to various qualitative chemical tests to determine presence of various phytoconstituents like alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, phenolics and tannins, phtosterols, fixed oils and fats, proteins, amino acids, flavonoids, saponins etc. Total flavonoids content was measured with the ‘Aluminium Chloride Colorimetric Assay Method’. Total Phenolic content in the aqueous and methanol extracts of fruits of Cedrela toona Roxb. were determined using the Folin Denis Method and expressed as mg of tannic acid equivalents per gram dry weight of extract. This study helps researchers for developmentof isolation method of active ingredient having vast pharmacological effects.

Keywords: Cedrela toona, total flavonoids, total tannins and phenolics, Tannic acid

IN-VIVO IMMUNOMODULATORY ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF AERIAL PARTS OF PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS PLANT IN CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE INDUCED MICE

Veershetty Hachhe, Siddaiah M — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 15:22:32 +0000

Objective: To evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of ethanolic extract of aerial parts of phyllanthus amarus plant in cyclophosphamide induced mice.

Materials and Method: To evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of ethanolic extracts of Aerial parts of phyllanthus amarus plant. on cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppression in mice. ethanolic extracts of aerial parts of phyllanthus amarus plant, (500mg/kg p.o.) were administered 13 days to albino mice and cyclophosphamide (30mg/kg i.p.) was administered on 11th,12th and 13th days 1 hour after the administration of the respective treatment. On the 14th day blood was collected by retro orbital puncture and the activity was evaluated by determining the RBC, Hb%, Platelet, total WBC and differential counts. Ethanolic extracts of aerial parts phyllantus amarus plant. showed very significant (p<0.001) counteracting effect to cyclophosphamide induced reduction in total WBC, DLC and platelet counts & significant (P<0.01) effect to that of reduction in RBC counts and Hb %. The significant inmmunostimulant effect of the ethanolic extracts of aerial parts of phyllanthus amarus plant on cyclophosphamide induced myelosuppression may be attributed towards the collective presence of saponins, sterols and tannins in the extracts, which suggest the immunomodulatory activities of the ethanolic extracts of phyllanthusamarus plant, leaves,stem and fruits.

Results: The results of the study revealed the dose dependent effect of theextracts in counteracting the myelosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide as inducated by increase in RBC total WBC platelet counts, Hb% and DLC in the extract treated group (III &IV), when compared to cyclophoshamide treated group (Group II).

Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of phyllanthus amarus would contribute for significant immunostimulating activity of In-Vivo

Keywords: Phyllanthus amarus, Cyclophosphamide, Immunomodulatory, Myelosuppression

ROLE OF CLINICAL PHARMACIST IN CLINICAL AUDIT AT DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL MEDICINE

P. Tasleem, M. Reshma, M. Sai Kiran, L. Reddenna, V. Sreedhar — Tue, 09 Feb 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Background of the study: Inaccuracy in writing and poor legibility of handwriting or incomplete writing of a prescription can lead to misinterpretation, thus leading to errors in dispensing and administration. Both individual and system related factors are responsible for prescribing errors. Recognition is the essential step in building safer systems and preventing errors. These errors can be detected by systematic analysis of prescriptions through a prescription audit. Hence, this project was proposed to improve the prescription practice by recommending the prescribing and therapeutic interventions in a selected setting of Anantapur.

Research Methodology: The study was approved by the ethical committee of the hospital. Before starting the study, the researcher obtained formal permission from Government General Hospital, Anantapuramu. The data collection period was for 6 months. A prospective observational design was adopted for this study. The prescriptions were selected on the basis of inclusion criteria. Descriptive statistics like frequency and percentage were calculated to describe the data.

Results and discussion: The overall observation made from this study was that clinical pharmacist could identify some drug related problems, provides clinical pharmacy services and contribute to better patient care being a part of the healthcare team.

Conclusion: There is enormous scope for the clinical pharmacist to play an important role in health care in various aspects like monitoring ADRs, provision of drug information, identifying DRPs and patient counseling which will bring better patient outcome.

Key words: Adverse drug reactions, Clinical audit, Clinical Pharmacist, prescription audit

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF AGOMELATINE IN BULK AND A TABLET DOSAGE FORM

Firake Bhushan M., Pathak Pranjalee V., Dorik Pallavi K., Siddaiah M. — Tue, 09 Feb 2021 00:00:00 +0000

UV spectrophotometry is an analytical technique used routinely for qualitative and quantitative assay due the low cost and reliability during analysis. An simple, efficient, rapid, sensitive, precise and economical UV Spectrophotometric method has been developed for estimation of agomelatine from bulk and pharmaceutical formulation. The method was developed and validated according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH Q2 R1) guidelines. The λ_max of agomelatine in acetonitrile was found to be 229.6 nm. The analytical method validation parameters linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness were studied according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Pure drug concentration was prepared in the range of 1-10 μg/ml and the linear regression analysis data showed good linear relationship with correlation coefficient value 0.9937. The precision of the method was studied as an intra- day, inter-day variations with value less than 2 % RSD. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were found to be 0.577 and 1.248 μg/ml, respectively. Recoveries were found to be in the range of 100.815 to 101.744 % and % RSD was less than 2 %. This proposed UV spectroscopic method is simple and suitable for routine analysis.

Keywords: Keywords: Agomelatine, Validation, UV Spectrophotometric method

ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT: DREAMLAND OF CLINICAL PHARMACISTS?

Tue, 09 Feb 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Antibiotic prescription and antimicrobial resistance are parallel to each other. Misuse of antibiotics can increase health system costs and more importantly, morbidity and mortality, due to the emerging multi-drug resistant pathogens. Implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs in the hospital wards and intensive care units are a well-known action, however, there is an attention deficit regarding this activity in emergency department, the portal of admission to the wards. Therefore, making a specific plan with leadership of clinical pharmacists is highly desirable.

Key words: Antimicrobial resistance, Emergency department, Clinical pharmacists

A STUDY ON POTENTIAL DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS AMONG PATIENTS ADMITTED UNDER DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN INDIA

Sanjib Bandyopadhyay, Kaushik Mitra, Dipankar Bhaumik, Saibal Das — Sat, 13 Feb 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) among patients admitted in a tertiary care hospital in India.

Methods: This was anobservational and cross sectional study for 3 months. All the patients admitted in the general ward under Department of Medicine. Pre-structured proforma and patient’s charts were be used for data collection on the 2^nd day of admission. For drug interactions, online ‘Medscape Drug Interaction Checker’ was used.

Results: A total of 61 charts were screened. A total of 304 drugs with 57 different types were admitted to these patients (including all dosage forms and routes). The total number of pDDIs were 217, of them 69 were minor, 130 were significant and 18 were serious (including repetitions in different patients). There were 13 unique serious pDDIs.

Conclusion: The incidence of pDDIs in our study was high. Controlled study to evaluate whether good clinical management of DDIs can reduce drug-related morbidity or mortality is needed.

Keywords:Potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs), adverse drug reactions (ADRs), poly-medication, hospitalization, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics interactions.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, TYPES, ITS MEDIATORS & TREATMENT STRATEGIES OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE: A SHORT REVIEW

Puneet Singh, Yogesh Sharma, Ashutosh Sharma — Sat, 13 Feb 2021 15:31:01 +0000

Cognition in an extensive sense means information dispensation. It denotes a relatively high level of processing of definite information including thinking, memory, perception, incentive, skilled arrangements and language. Learning is the most attribute attributes of the man and also of higher animals. Learning is definite as the skill to alter behavior on the basis of understanding. We know that some reminiscences last for only a few seconds, whereas others last for hours, days, months or year. Dementia is generally defined as the loss of logical abilities (medically called cognitive dysfunction) of sufficient capacity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. People with DLB have some of the symptoms common in Alzheimer’s, but are more likely than people with Alzheimer’s to have initial or early symptoms such as sleep disturbances, well-formed visual hallucinations, and muscle rigidity or other parkinsonian movement features. The signature lesions in AD are neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) to be found in the cortical areas and medial temporal lobe structures of the brain.

Keywords: Alzheimer, Neurofibrillary tangles, Neuritic plaques, Dementia, Temporal lobe

PROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF IMPACT OF PHARMCOTHERAPY ADHERENCE ON TREATMENT EFFECTIVENESS IN POST OPERATIVE HEART PATIENTS

Tue, 16 Feb 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Myocardial infarction is the irreversible damage of myocardial tissue caused by prolonged ischemia and hypoxia. This most commonly occurs when a coronary artery becomese blocked following the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, which then leads to the formation of a blood clot (coronary thrombosis). This event can also trigger coronary vasospasm. Ischemia induces profound metabolic and ionic perturbations in the affected myocardium and causes rapid depression of systolic function. Prolonged myocardial ischemia activates a "wavefront" of cardiomyocyte death that extends from the subendocardium to the subepicardium. Mitochondrial alterations are prominently involved in apoptosis and necrosis of cardiomyocytes in the infarcted heart.

This prospective, pilot, observational study performed confirmed the hypothesis that systematic identifications and interventions administered through continued physician follow-up and patients counselling will improve adherence to therapy and therefore improvement in treatment effectiveness by lowering especially Troponin level ,CPK and quality of life in MI patients.

Study was shown that lack of proper knowledge about disease and patients counseling and chronic treatment, most of patients takes disease and its treatment lightly and shows lower adherence attitude. The study analysis shown that female are generally more aware than males for adherence. Study analysis concluded that there was significant reduction in their Troponin level and CPK values in different comparison groups after each level of follow up.

Statistical analysis concluded that patients with adherence ˃ 95% showed significant reduction in Troponin level and CPK values and patients with age group ≤50 shows more adherence than older.

Most heart patients recorded with hypertension and Coronary Artery Diseases only few ones with diabetic complications. During study patients shows good control over their blood pressure and only few adverse events but no complications occur during study period.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TRANSDERMAL PATCHES OF METOPROLOL SUCCINATE

Indresh — Tue, 16 Feb 2021 00:00:00 +0000

The anti-hypertensive transdermal patches in the perspective of enhancing the bioavailability as well as in improving patient compliance, it has appear as a substitute for oral route permit self-administration, controlled and sustained drug delivery. This study will investigate the effects of metoprolol Succinate in treatment of hypertension with the interaction of hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose and ethyl cellulose. The present research work concludes that the patches prepared with different ratios of polymers shows sustained drug release for long period of time confirms that the delivery system prepared can be suitably used as sustained and controlled drug delivery. The Transdermal Patches of drug metoprolol Succinate can be utilized in the diseases hypertension, myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure, etc. It offers high patient compliance by ease in administration.

Keywords: Anti-hypertensive, Transdermal patches, Metoprolol succinate and HPMC.

DEVELOPMENT, FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MECLOFENAMATE FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS

Sun, 21 Feb 2021 05:47:10 +0000

The demands for fast dissolving tablets have received ever increasing day by day during the last 10-15 years for the onset of action. In the present study, the effect of superdisintegrant was compared with synthetic super disintegrants and other conventional super disintegrants in the of fast dissolving tablet formulation of Meclofenamate.

Meclofenamate is an antihypertensive drug and in case of hypertension immediate treatment is required so the proposed investigation is totally based to provide the suitable treatment for hypertension.

In the present work 9 formulations of Fast dissolving tablets of Cilnidipine were prepared by using Synthesized Co-proceed was evaluated and compiles with the official standards, parameters and specifications.

Various formulations were prepared using four different superdisintegrant namely- kyron T-304, sodium starch glycolate, cross carmelose sodium with three concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%) by direct compression method.

The blend was evaluated for pre-compression parameters like Angle of repose , bulk density , tapped density , and then tablet evaluated post-compression parameters like thickness , drug content , hardness , weight variation , wetting time , friability , disintegration time , dissolution time, drug release study.

Formulation A8 showed the lowest disintegration time and in-vitro dissolution studies recorded that formulation A8 showed 98.64% drug release at the end of 3 minutes.

The best formulations were also found to be stable and optimized formulations were subjected to the stability studies as per ICH guideline and standards.

A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON NANOCAPSULE: A NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM.

Sun, 21 Feb 2021 06:19:06 +0000

Nanocapsules, existing in miniscule size, which range from 10 nm to 1000 nm. They consist of a liquid/solid core in which the drug is placed into a cavity, which is surrounded by a distinctive polymer membrane made up of natural or synthetic polymers. They have great interest of attraction because of the protective coating, which are usually Pyrophoric and easily oxidized and delay the release of active ingredients.Various technical approaches are utilized for obtaining the Nanocapsules however, the methods of interfacial polymerization for monomer and the Nano deposition for preformed polymer are chiefly preferred. Most important characteristics in their preparation is particle size and size distribution which can be evaluated by using various techniques like X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, superconducting quantum interference device, multi angle laser light scattering and other spectroscopic techniques.Nanocapsules possessing extremely high reproducibility have a broad range of life science applications. They may be applied in agrochemicals, genetic engineering, cosmetics, cleansing products, wastewater treatments, adhesive component applications, strategic delivery of the drug in tumors, nanocapsule bandages to fight infection, in radiotherapy and as liposomal nanocapsules in food science and agriculture.The enhanced delivery of bio-active molecules through the targeted delivery by means of a nanocapsule opens numerous challenges and opportunities for the research and future development of novel improved therapies.

EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SYNTHETIC FLAVONOIDS

Thu, 25 Feb 2021 14:16:49 +0000

Introduction: In recent times, most of the currently available antimicrobial agents have developed resistance. Extensive pharmacological activities including bactericidal and bacteriostatic nature of flavonoids, made them as priority agents in this aspect of research study. Synthetic flavonoids such as hydroxy thiophen derivatives were considered to evaluate for antimicrobial activity in this study.

Objective: The present study involves the analysis for antimicrobial activity of thiophen substituted synthetic flavonoids.

Methods: Claisen-Schmidt method of condensation fallowed by oxidative cyclization reactions from substituted hydroxyacetophenone with aromatic aldehydes were used to synthesize the various analogues of flavonoid compounds. Then these compounds after their FTIR, ¹H NMR, MS spectral characterization and elemental analysis, were screened for in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity by using disc diffusion method followed by determining their respective zone of inhibitions.

Results: All the synthesized test flavonoid compounds exhibited the good antibacterial and antifungal spectrum activity over B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeurugenosa bacteria and Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger fungal microbes. However compounds such as F1, F2 and F4 showed moderately significant antibacterial activity against P. aerugenosa organism than the other test compounds and the same F1 and F2 test compounds exhibited significant antifungal activity at100µg concentration.

Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that the novel thiophen substituted flavonoids (F1, F2, F3 and F4 ) found to have promising antimicrobial and antifungal activity which needs to be confirmed by in vivo studies.

COVID-19: A GREAT CHALLENGE FOR THE TOURISM INDUSTRY

Naushaba Akhtar (MPH) — Fri, 26 Feb 2021 04:24:55 +0000

The COVID-19 pandemic is one of those disasters which caused massive damage to human and property. Most of the countries have faced their impact massively as it affects the people and business adversely. As this pandemic affected all the sectors, the tourism sector was not left behind. A major impact was seen in outbound tourism and both travel and tourism has equally faced a greater challenge than any other industry in most of the nations. This paper aims to investigate the extent of the impact of COVID-19 on Tourism industry during the pandemic.

EVALUATION OF SERUM VITAMIN B12 AND FOLIC ACID IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AMONG SUDANESE’S PATIENT’S

Fri, 26 Feb 2021 04:44:00 +0000

The Sudanese population has high rate of coronary artery disease (CAD). The potential association between deficiency of vitamin B12 and folic acid, in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), where investigated previously with conflicted results. A case-control study was carried out involving 60 AMI patients (age 39–87 years; 40 men and 20 women) and 40 normal healthy individuals (age 39–84 years; 20 men and 20 women). Fasting venous blood samples were obtained from patients and controls. Serum was analyzed for vitamin B12 and folic acid using radio assays. The mean concentration of serum B12 and folate in AMI patients were found to be significantly lower than in controls. Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency may be considered as a risk factor for CAD development.